The Urban Way of Life + The Church in the City
Это задание состоит из нескольких частей: расположить в правильном порядке абзацы в обеих статьях, затем выполнить относящиеся к ним vocabulary, error correction и writing tasks.
You are an editor of a magazine. You have come across an interesting article but some parts of the article have been mixed up. Use the headline and the initial paragraph of the article and put the parts to the title and in the right order so that you should receive the original article.
Towns came late in the long span of human history. They were imposed on a landscape of small settlements, from which they drew their earliest inhabitants. The town has been throughout its history a pole of attraction to the rural population.
А The Black Death, otherwise known as the Great or Bubonic Plague, deserves more than a cursory mention. It was spread by the symbiotic relationships between the black rat, the f lea, and their human victim. It has been argued—implausibly, it appears—that the great plague of Athens late in the fifth century B.C. was the bubonic plague. It is far more likely that the disease that decimated Byzantium under the Emperor Justinian (527–565) was the bubonic plague. It raged in the city, but seems not to have spread into its Balkan hinterland. There may have been other occurrences before 1348, but they were contained, not by the science of medicine, which was at this time almost nonexistent, but by the vast, unpopulated distances that its vectors, the rat and the flea, were unable to traverse.
B In modern demographic terminology, its net reproduction rate—the average number of female children born to each woman—was less than unity. This means that women each had on average less than a single female child. In other words, the population was not fully reproducing itself. The reasons for this—both social and environmental—are complex. Among the former, in all probability, was the greater age at which people married in the town than in the countryside. The nature of urban employment and the restrictive influence of the gilds led to the postponement of marriage—at least for young men. Then, too, it may have been difficult for the journeyman who had just completed his apprenticeship to establish himself in society and to accumulate enough resources to acquire a home. Environmental factors were probably more important than social, but also more difficult to evaluate. The town was densely settled; people lived closely packed in their crowded quarters. In contrast with the rural environment, any infectious disease that might take hold would be likely to spread quickly with disastrous consequences. Of no medical catastrophe was this more true than of the Great Plague, the Black Death of 1348–1350. Once it had taken root in a congested town, it spread rapidly, giving rise to a disastrous mortality.
С The Plague was brought to Europe in the trading ships of the Genoese, who did business with the caravan traders from Asia in Caffa and other ports of the Black Sea. They brought their goods to Italy, dropping them off at ports all the way from Sicily to Genoa itself. Infected rats and fleas harbored in the clothing of sailors also went ashore with them, and so the Plague spread up through the Italian peninsula to France and was then borne overland by traders to the Rhineland, central Europe, and the British Isles. At last, this wave of infection died away in Scandinavia and the Baltic region where the population was so sparse that the Plague could spread no more. But the disease was only dormant. It reasserted itself at intervals throughout the late Middle Ages and early modern times in bouts of frenetic activity, mostly in the larger cities. Each recurrence decimated the urban population afresh and offered renewed opportunities in the shape of empty homes and opportunities for employment for more immigrants from the countryside. The last major outbreak in England, in 1665, was largely—though not completely— confined to the city of London, and the last outbreak in France was at Marseilles in 1720. Thereafter, the Plague disappeared from western Europe but remained endemic in the Balkans into the nineteenth century. The urban population recovered after each outbreak—in part through the birth of larger families, in part by increased immigration from the countryside.
D We have fairly reliable statistics relating to mortality in a few cities, especially those in Italy and southern France, and they demonstrate without question how great was the urban death toll. It is sometimes said that a third or half the population perished. This is no exaggeration for the cities, but such figures must not be extrapolated for the countryside. Here the Plague’s spread depended on the movement of people from town to village and from village to village, and such movements were severely reduced as the rumor of plague spread. In consequence, some villages and regions were scarcely touched by the disease.
Е It was their “promised land,” tempting the country dweller with its range of employment and experience, far beyond anything that the countryside could offer. But the attraction of the town was deceptive. Beneath its glossy facade lay crowding, disease, high mortality, and a shorter lifespan. All too often the peasant who had migrated to the town came to look back ruefully to the rural bliss which he had left. This was as true of Aristophanes’ Attic peasant as of Wladislaw Reymont’s nineteenth-century Polish peasants in his aptly named The Promised Land.
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Е It was their “promised land,” tempting the country dweller with its range of employment and experience, far beyond anything that the countryside could offer. But the attraction of the town was deceptive. Beneath its glossy facade lay crowding, disease, high mortality, and a shorter lifespan. All too often the peasant who had migrated to the town came to look back ruefully to the rural bliss which he had left. This was as true of Aristophanes’ Attic peasant as of Wladislaw Reymont’s nineteenth-century Polish peasants in his aptly named The Promised Land.
B In modern demographic terminology, its net reproduction rate—the average number of female children born to each woman—was less than unity. This means that women each had on average less than a single female child. In other words, the population was not fully reproducing itself. The reasons for this—both social and environmental—are complex. Among the former, in all probability, was the greater age at which people married in the town than in the countryside. The nature of urban employment and the restrictive influence of the gilds led to the postponement of marriage—at least for young men. Then, too, it may have been difficult for the journeyman who had just completed his apprenticeship to establish himself in society and to accumulate enough resources to acquire a home. Environmental factors were probably more important than social, but also more difficult to evaluate. The town was densely settled; people lived closely packed in their crowded quarters. In contrast with the rural environment, any infectious disease that might take hold would be likely to spread quickly with disastrous consequences. Of no medical catastrophe was this more true than of the Great Plague, the Black Death of 1348–1350. Once it had taken root in a congested town, it spread rapidly, giving rise to a disastrous mortality.
А The Black Death, otherwise known as the Great or Bubonic Plague, deserves more than a cursory mention. It was spread by the symbiotic relationships between the black rat, the f lea, and their human victim. It has been argued—implausibly, it appears—that the great plague of Athens late in the fifth century B.C. was the bubonic plague. It is far more likely that the disease that decimated Byzantium under the Emperor Justinian (527–565) was the bubonic plague. It raged in the city, but seems not to have spread into its Balkan hinterland. There may have been other occurrences before 1348, but they were contained, not by the science of medicine, which was at this time almost nonexistent, but by the vast, unpopulated distances that its vectors, the rat and the flea, were unable to traverse.
D We have fairly reliable statistics relating to mortality in a few cities, especially those in Italy and southern France, and they demonstrate without question how great was the urban death toll. It is sometimes said that a third or half the population perished. This is no exaggeration for the cities, but such figures must not be extrapolated for the countryside. Here the Plague’s spread depended on the movement of people from town to village and from village to village, and such movements were severely reduced as the rumor of plague spread. In consequence, some villages and regions were scarcely touched by the disease.
С The Plague was brought to Europe in the trading ships of the Genoese, who did business with the caravan traders from Asia in Caffa and other ports of the Black Sea. They brought their goods to Italy, dropping them off at ports all the way from Sicily to Genoa itself. Infected rats and fleas harbored in the clothing of sailors also went ashore with them, and so the Plague spread up through the Italian peninsula to France and was then borne overland by traders to the Rhineland, central Europe, and the British Isles. At last, this wave of infection died away in Scandinavia and the Baltic region where the population was so sparse that the Plague could spread no more. But the disease was only dormant. It reasserted itself at intervals throughout the late Middle Ages and early modern times in bouts of frenetic activity, mostly in the larger cities. Each recurrence decimated the urban population afresh and offered renewed opportunities in the shape of empty homes and opportunities for employment for more immigrants from the countryside. The last major outbreak in England, in 1665, was largely—though not completely— confined to the city of London, and the last outbreak in France was at Marseilles in 1720. Thereafter, the Plague disappeared from western Europe but remained endemic in the Balkans into the nineteenth century. The urban population recovered after each outbreak—in part through the birth of larger families, in part by increased immigration from the countryside.
Some towns grew up around a church; others had churches thrust upon them. Whatever the relationship between them, the Church has played a very important role, both physical and cultural, in the development of urban life. In its origin Christianity was an urban faith.
A And yet Christianity always had a certain affinity with wastelands and solitary places. The wilderness was where Christians went for contemplation and spiritual refreshment. It was the resort of the “desert fathers” and the first home of certain religious orders. There were thus two strands in the evolution of the Christian Church: that which attracted people to the company of others and carried on its activities in crowded cities and, by contrast, that which sought the solitary life—monastic in the strict meaning of that term. The latter is not important in the present context except insofar as here and there it contributed to the settlement and development of such wasteland areas and thus stimulated urban growth. Places of pilgrimage became the nuclei of some towns, and remote monasteries sometimes became centers of commercial, even of industrial, activity. One thinks of Santiago, the reputed burial place of St. James of Compostela in northwestern Spain; of Bobbio in the Italian Apennines; of Sankt Gallen, which even became the capital of a Swiss canton; of Maria Lach in the German Eifel, and, in Great Britain, of Ely on its island amid the Cambridgeshire Fenland and of Glastonbury similarly placed in the Somerset marshes.
B It was borne by its earliest missionaries from city to city. The epistles of St. Paul were addressed to townsfolk, and the first Christian cells were in the greater cities of the Roman Empire. Only slowly did the faith penetrate the countryside, which long remained the sphere of the pagani, countryfolk or “pagans,” and it came even later to mountainous and thinly peopled regions. These remained dark corners of the land until late in the Middle Ages.
C But such instances were few. Far more important in the development of the Church were the regional capitals, the civitates, of the Roman Empire. These became the administrative centers of the Church, just as they had been of Roman governors. In them bishops established their sees, or seats. Here they built their cathedrals and, at a later date, their palaces. Foremost among such cathedral cities was Rome itself, ruled after the departure of the emperors by the bishop of Rome, the Pope. Few Roman imperial civitates did not become episcopal dioceses, and, during the centuries of invasion and turmoil following the eclipse of the Roman Empire in the West, it was the bishops who provided some kind of institutional continuity and preserved much of what was left of Roman culture.
D A cathedral city was dominated physically by its cathedral, as, indeed, many of them remain today. Its towers and spires dignified its skyline as much as the tall buildings do in any modern city, and the cathedral now attracts tourists as it once drew pilgrims to its shrine and sacred relics. It is impossible to exaggerate the economic importance of the medieval pilgrims. They brought their contributions to the building of the church just as their presence filled the inns and hostelries. Chaucer’s jovial band, which gathered at the Sign of the Tabard in London’s southbank suburb of Southwark and wound its loquacious, story-telling way to Canterbury, brought profit to the city. The distance from Southwark to Canterbury is only some sixty miles; they must have traveled very slowly indeed to have been able to spin so many lengthy tales. Canterbury, like Santiago, Reims, St. Albans, and Rome itself, did very well from this medieval form of the tourist business. Canterbury was the foremost English center of pilgrimage, but there were many others scattered throughout Catholic Europe. They passed in and out of fashion, and their importance tended overall to decline toward the end of the Middle Ages. Nevertheless, their importance in urban development cannot be overestimated.
E The cathedral, as became a great public building, was centrally placed. It was, like the Roman basilicas and temples that preceded it, open to the public and graced with whatever art and decoration were available. In that part of Europe that became subject to the Catholic Church—which eventually was all of Europe with the exception only of Russia and the Balkans—cathedrals were of two kinds: secular and monastic. The former were staffed by secular priests who lived in the world and rubbed shoulders with ordinary people; the latter were houses of monks who led cloistered lives of prayer and study despite their location in the heart of crowded cities. By their very nature monastic cathedrals were in large part cut off from whatever settlements lay around them. The focus of their lives was the cloister. Secular cathedrals, on the other hand, may have had cloisters, but life was focused more on the people outside their walls. In fact, monastic cathedrals became significant only in Sicily (Palermo and Cefalu) and in England, where about half the medieval cathedrals were monastic. It is difficult not to attribute this fact to the influence of the Norman conquerors who in the eleventh century overran both areas.
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B It was borne by its earliest missionaries from city to city. The epistles of St. Paul were addressed to townsfolk, and the first Christian cells were in the greater cities of the Roman Empire. Only slowly did the faith penetrate the countryside, which long remained the sphere of the pagani, countryfolk or “pagans,” and it came even later to mountainous and thinly peopled regions. These remained dark corners of the land until late in the Middle Ages.
A And yet Christianity always had a certain affinity with wastelands and solitary places. The wilderness was where Christians went for contemplation and spiritual refreshment. It was the resort of the “desert fathers” and the first home of certain religious orders. There were thus two strands in the evolution of the Christian Church: that which attracted people to the company of others and carried on its activities in crowded cities and, by contrast, that which sought the solitary life—monastic in the strict meaning of that term. The latter is not important in the present context except insofar as here and there it contributed to the settlement and development of such wasteland areas and thus stimulated urban growth. Places of pilgrimage became the nuclei of some towns, and remote monasteries sometimes became centers of commercial, even of industrial, activity. One thinks of Santiago, the reputed burial place of St. James of Compostela in northwestern Spain; of Bobbio in the Italian Apennines; of Sankt Gallen, which even became the capital of a Swiss canton; of Maria Lach in the German Eifel, and, in Great Britain, of Ely on its island amid the Cambridgeshire Fenland and of Glastonbury similarly placed in the Somerset marshes.
C But such instances were few. Far more important in the development of the Church were the regional capitals, the civitates, of the Roman Empire. These became the administrative centers of the Church, just as they had been of Roman governors. In them bishops established their sees, or seats. Here they built their cathedrals and, at a later date, their palaces. Foremost among such cathedral cities was Rome itself, ruled after the departure of the emperors by the bishop of Rome, the Pope. Few Roman imperial civitates did not become episcopal dioceses, and, during the centuries of invasion and turmoil following the eclipse of the Roman Empire in the West, it was the bishops who provided some kind of institutional continuity and preserved much of what was left of Roman culture.
E The cathedral, as became a great public building, was centrally placed. It was, like the Roman basilicas and temples that preceded it, open to the public and graced with whatever art and decoration were available. In that part of Europe that became subject to the Catholic Church—which eventually was all of Europe with the exception only of Russia and the Balkans—cathedrals were of two kinds: secular and monastic. The former were staffed by secular priests who lived in the world and rubbed shoulders with ordinary people; the latter were houses of monks who led cloistered lives of prayer and study despite their location in the heart of crowded cities. By their very nature monastic cathedrals were in large part cut off from whatever settlements lay around them. The focus of their lives was the cloister. Secular cathedrals, on the other hand, may have had cloisters, but life was focused more on the people outside their walls. In fact, monastic cathedrals became significant only in Sicily (Palermo and Cefalu) and in England, where about half the medieval cathedrals were monastic. It is difficult not to attribute this fact to the influence of the Norman conquerors who in the eleventh century overran both areas.
D A cathedral city was dominated physically by its cathedral, as, indeed, many of them remain today. Its towers and spires dignified its skyline as much as the tall buildings do in any modern city, and the cathedral now attracts tourists as it once drew pilgrims to its shrine and sacred relics. It is impossible to exaggerate the economic importance of the medieval pilgrims. They brought their contributions to the building of the church just as their presence filled the inns and hostelries. Chaucer’s jovial band, which gathered at the Sign of the Tabard in London’s southbank suburb of Southwark and wound its loquacious, story-telling way to Canterbury, brought profit to the city. The distance from Southwark to Canterbury is only some sixty miles; they must have traveled very slowly indeed to have been able to spin so many lengthy tales. Canterbury, like Santiago, Reims, St. Albans, and Rome itself, did very well from this medieval form of the tourist business. Canterbury was the foremost English center of pilgrimage, but there were many others scattered throughout Catholic Europe. They passed in and out of fashion, and their importance tended overall to decline toward the end of the Middle Ages. Nevertheless, their importance in urban development cannot be overestimated.
Reread the two assembled texts. Choose the meaning the words and phrases in bold have in one of the texts.
Two articles: Vocabulary Questions
Here is a summary of the article “The Urban Way of Life”. However, it contains some vocabulary, grammar and factual errors. Decide which of the sentences contain an error if any (the letters A-F represent the number of errors in a sentence). There can be more than 1 error in a sentence. Some sentences do not have errors at all. If there are no errors in the sentence choose “0”.
Two articles: Error Correction Questions
Use the following separate words in the order given to write a coherent sentence, based on information in the article “The church in the city”. You may change the form of the given words.
You may use your sentences as parts of your outline for your commentary on the article “The church in the city”. (see Task 5 below)
-
towns grew up / relationship / an urban faith -
Christianity / the resort of / orders / a certain affinity -
the Christian Church / thus two strands / solitary life / attracted -
built their cathedrals / development / the centuries of invasion / institutional continuity -
dignified / sacred relics / remain / modern city / dominated
Предложение оценивается в 2 балла, если предложение не содержит грамматических, лексических, орфографических ошибок. В предложении использованы все заявленные элементы, не нарушен их порядок, данный в задании (для английского языка). Предложение не является цитатой из текста.
Предложение оценивается в 1 балл, если предложение не содержит грамматических, лексических ошибок, но допущена одна орфографическая ошибка. В предложении использованы все заявленные элементы, не нарушен их порядок, данный в задании (для английского языка). Предложение не является цитатой из текста.
Write your commentary on the article “The church in the city”. Your commentary is to be between 180-200 words. You are not allowed to cite from the original text pieces longer than 4 words running. Your text should contain various points of view, including your own. To fulfill the task successfully you are:
- to briefly convey the content of the article;
- to mention various/possible views of the issue;
- to divide your text into logically connected paragraphs.
Максимальное количество баллов: 20
Внимание! При оценке 0 по критерию «Решение коммуникативной задачи» выставляется общая оценка 0.
БАЛЛЫ:
- решение коммуникативной задачи – максимум 10 баллов;
- оформление – максимум 10 баллов.
Общая оценка за оформление выводится на основании следующих критериев:
- Композиция (максимум 2 балла)
- Лексика (максимум 3 балла)
- Грамматика (максимум 3 балла)
- Орфография (максимум 1 балл)
- Пунктуация (максимум 1 балл)
Коммуникативная задача полностью выполнена (10 баллов) – содержание раскрыто полно, точно и интересно, языковое наполнение соответствует заявленному уровню.
В работе участника представлены:
- вступление – 2 балла;
- разные точки зрения – 2 балла;
- своя точка зрения – 2 балла;
- обоснованные аргументы – 2 балла;
- объём работы либо соответствует заданному, либо отклоняется от заданного не более чем на 10 % – 2 балла.
Итого: максимум 10 баллов
Коммуникативная задача раскрыта частично - тема раскрыта, однако в работе отражены не все аспекты. Отсутствие каждого аспекта приводит к потере 2 баллов.
Если аспекты присутствуют, но раскрыты не развернуто, то выставляется только 1 балл.
При отсутствии любых 4 аспектов выставляется оценка «0» по критерию «Решение коммуникативной задачи».
Коммуникативная задача не выполнена – отсутствуют необходимые аспекты или объем высказывания менее 162 слов.
При оценке 0 по критерию «Решение коммуникативной задачи» выставляется общая оценка 0.
Композиция - 2 балла
Работа не имеет ошибок с точки зрения композиции: представлены введение, основная часть и заключение.
Соблюдена логика высказывания. Средства логической связи присутствуют и используются правильно. Текст правильно разделён на абзацы.
Композиция - 1 балл
В целом текст имеет чёткую композицию.
Однако в делении текста на абзацы имеются 1–2 нарушения.
Допущены 1-2 ошибки при использовании средств логической связи и/или 1–2 нарушения логики высказывания.
Лексика - 3 балла
Участник демонстрирует богатый лексический запас, необходимый для раскрытия темы, точный выбор слов и адекватное владение лексикой. Работа не имеет ошибок с точки зрения лексического оформления.
Лексика - 2 балла
Участник демонстрирует богатый лексический запас, необходимый для раскрытия темы, точный выбор слов и адекватное владение лексикой. В работе имеются 1–2 незначительные (негрубые) лексические ошибки, не затрудняющие понимание текста.
Лексика - 1 балл
Участник демонстрирует не достаточный лексический запас, необходимый для раскрытия темы, не точный выбор слов и не адекватное владение лексикой. В работе имеются 3-4 незначительные (негрубые) лексические ошибки, не затрудняющие понимание текста.
Лексика - 0 баллов
Участник не владеет лексическим запасом, необходимым для раскрытия темы, не точный выбор слов и не адекватное владение лексикой. В работе имеются 5-6 незначительных (негрубых) лексических ошибок, не затрудняющих понимание текста и/или 1-2 грубые ошибки, затрудняющие понимание текста.
Грамматика - 3 балла
Участник демонстрирует грамотное и уместное употребление грамматических структур в соответствии с коммуникативной задачей.
Работа имеет 1 негрубую ошибку с точки зрения грамматического оформления.
Грамматика - 2 балла
Участник демонстрирует грамотное и уместное употребление грамматических структур. В работе имеются 2 незначительные (негрубые) грамматические ошибки, не затрудняющие понимание высказывания.
Грамматика - 1 балл
Участник не демонстрирует грамотное и уместное употребление грамматических структур. В работе имеются 3-4 грамматические ошибки, не затрудняющие понимание высказывания.
Грамматика - 0 баллов
Участник не демонстрирует грамотное и уместное употребление грамматических структур. В работе имеются 5-6 грамматических ошибок, не затрудняющих понимание высказывания и/или 1-2 грубые ошибки, затрудняющие понимание текста.
Орфография – 1 балл
Участник демонстрирует уверенное владение навыками орфографии. Работа не имеет ошибок с точки зрения орфографии.
Орфография – 0 баллов
В тексте присутствуют орфографические ошибки (1–3).
Пунктуация - 1 балл
Участник демонстрирует уверенное владение навыками пунктуации. В работе могут быть 1–2 пунктуационные ошибки, не затрудняющие понимание высказывания.
Пунктуация - 0 баллов
В тексте присутствуют пунктуационные ошибки (3–4).
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