Definitions of Fallacies

A. Affirming the Consequent
This fallacy occurs in conditional reasoning. It incorrectly assumes that if a given condition (A) leads to a certain result (B), then observing that result (B) automatically proves the initial condition (A) was true. It ignores other potential causes that could lead to the same outcome.

B. False Dilemma (Either/Or Fallacy)
This fallacy unreasonably reduces a complex issue to only two mutually exclusive choices or sides, thereby creating an artificial sense of limited options. It often presents one option as obviously unacceptable to force acceptance of the other, ignoring viable middle ground or alternative solutions.

C. Hasty Generalization
This fallacy involves drawing a broad, general conclusion based on a sample that is too small, unrepresentative, or insufficient. It fails to consider all relevant variables, exceptions, or the full scope of evidence, leading to an unreliable or overstated claim.

D. Appeal to Ignorance (Argumentum ad Ignorantiam)
This fallacy asserts that a proposition is true simply because it has not been proven false, or false because it has not been proven true. It mistakenly treats a lack of definitive evidence as definitive evidence for or against a claim.

E. Subjectivist Fallacy
This fallacy occurs when someone claims that a proposition is true merely because they believe it to be true, or because it aligns with their personal feelings, tastes, or values. It conflates subjective preference or belief with objective truth or valid critique.